Limitations on BMI Model Bodies - 1084 Words

How many men do you see ogling over the ultra skinny models on a Vogue magazine? They aren’t, most men are ogling over the centerfold of a Playboy magazine. So why do young girls and women all over the world struggle psychologically and physically to look like those models? And what effect does this have on our society? Should the use of models with a low Body Mass Index (BMI) be banned from fashion, media, and print? I will answer all of these questions and more, to support my view on why there should be changes placed on the limitations of BMI’s on fashion models and how these changes will promote healthier body images in women. First off, let’s look at why people do not support limitations being set on BMI for models. Most†¦show more content†¦(UMN-Duluth) It is no surprise, that females Self-esteem is low, creating Body Dysmorphic Disorder, a pathological preoccupation with an imagined or slight physical defect of ones body to the point of causing significant stress or behavioral impairment in several areas. These psychological disorders lead to physical eating disorders such as, Anorexia Nervosa, characterized by a fear of weight gain which leads to faulty eating patterns, malnutrition, and excessive weight loss, and Bulimia Nervosa, characterized by binge eating and purging, or by an attempt to rid oneself of the food, by taking a laxative, diuretic, or stimulant, and/or excessive exercise, which have been and continue to be on the rise amongst females. These disorders are also common amongst fashion models, it is estimated that nearly 40% are currently struggling with an eating disor der. (Nordqvist) So what types of changes has the fashion industry made to positively impact and promote higher self-esteem and better body images within females? In January 2007, the Council of Fashion Designers of America (CFDA), formed a health initiative to address what has become a global fashion issue: the overwhelming concern about whether some models are unhealthily thin, and whether or not to impose restrictions in such cases.Show MoreRelatedBody Mass Index Essay example689 Words   |  3 PagesBody Mass Index The BMI of females in the USA is represented by variable X and Y. The X equals Age and the Y equal the BMI (Body Mass Index). These equations that represent this information are: X (age) = 2 x Y (BMI) = 16.40 y 21.65. The norm of the BMI of females in the U.S in year 2000 is represented by this graph. Age (yrs) range BMI domain 2 16.40 3 15.70 4 15.30 5 15.20 6 15.21 7 15.40 8 15.80 9 16.30 10 16.80 11 17.50 12 18.18 13 18.70 14 19.36 15 19.88 16 20Read MoreStages Of Hierarchical Multiple Regression Model1343 Words   |  6 PagesResults A two stage hierarchical multiple regression was conducted with Partner’s Body Type as the dependent variable. Age was entered at stage one of the regression and Body Type and Relationship Status were entered at stage two. The variables were entered in this order since people are more likely to be in a relationship as they get older, thus we wanted to determine if the other variables had a unique contribution that was not already accounted for by age. The hierarchical multiple regressionRead MoreThe Relationship Between Sensitivity And Punishment And Eating Behaviors1281 Words   |  6 Pagesparticipants undergoing the course Biological Psychology was carried out in order to examine the correlation between sensitivity to reward (SP), Body Mass Index (BMI), weight and more frequent consumption of unhealthy fast foods, (e.g., high in fat and sugar). The core results showed the participants found that sensitivity to reward was strongly negatively correlated with BMI and wei ght. However, both these correlations are not statistically significant at the 95% confidence level. Alongside this finding, sensitivityRead MoreStatistical Analysis Of Blood Glucose Levels1322 Words   |  6 PagesPA. Binary logistic regression analysis should be used to identify a significant impact of PA patterns on the blood glucose levels. Multiple linear regression analysis will be used to compute the model of significant independent variables of PA patterns, on the blood glucose levels. A general linear model (univariate ANOVA) should be used to assess the interaction between LPA and M VPA and its association with diabetes. A ÃŽ ±-level of 0.05 has to be chosen to determine the statistical significanceRead MoreTransplant ( NODAT ) : Risk Factors For Overcome Transplantation1555 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract New onset diabetes after transplant (NODAT) is an important complication after transplantation that increases risk for poor patient and graft outcomes. Recent studies in children identified older age, extremes of body mass index (BMI), and corticosteroid use at discharge as risk factors for NODAT. However, these studies were conducted in a national sample which underrated certain patient groups like deceased donor transplants and African American recipients. The purpose of this study wasRead MoreThe Study s Intervention Was An Asp That Was Implemented Twice Per Week1204 Words   |  5 Pagestwice per week and lasted for 12 weeks. The bilingual ASP included about a half an hour of health education and an hour of physical activity. The valid curriculum was also adapted culturally for Mexican-American children. The health outcomes included BMI, BMI percentile, aerobic capacity, dietary preferences, and health knowledge. Aerobic capacity was measured via the Progressive Aerobic Cardiova scular Endurance Run (PACER) test, and dietary preferences and health knowledge were measured by a self-completedRead MorePropensity Score Matching And Time Varying Confounding1283 Words   |  6 PagesTIME-VARYING CONFOUNDING IN A STUDY OF STATINS AND THE RISK OF VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM Aims †¢ To evaluate the association between statin use and the risk of VTE controlling for time-varying confounding. †¢ To examine whether this association differs by body mass index (BMI) †¢ To examine various characteristics of exposure including type of statin, dose of statin, and recency/duration of statin use in relation to VTE risk Study design This study will be a population-based cohort study. Study population The studyRead MoreDiet Quality And Weight Change1197 Words   |  5 PagesChristian Arreola Biology 100W Fall 2015, Dr. Anand Research Article Summary Long-Term Change in Diet Quality Is Associated with Body Weight Change in Men and Women Diet quality can lead to reaching and maintaining a healthier lifestyle, reduces the risk of chronic diseases and help to maintain weight. Excessive weight increases a person’s risk for diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Previous studies have shown mixed results of foods with lower glycemic effect and weight change. Other previousRead MoreDiabetes Dataset1161 Words   |  5 PagesBp (diastolic pressure), skin (the thickness of skin folds of the triceps), bmi (body max index), ped (diabetes ancestry function), and age. It consists 332 subjects that were chosen from random population. There are several limitations of the data set. The first limitation of this dataset is that the number of subjects it contains is not large enough which may impact the accuracy of the result. The second limitation is that it only contains eight attributes, and we cannot guarantee those areRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Growing, Public Health Disorder1596 Words   |  7 Pagesoverweight and obese children that are in the fifth grade. If determined, this could help children who are inactive or do not exercise, gain some leverage on leading a healthy lifestyle. Literature Review Obesity is a disease that means having too much body fat. Obesity is much different from being overweight, or, in other words, weighing too much. Being overweight is not a disease, and being overweight is much easier to treat than obesity is. Both obesity and overweight are terms that mean a person s

Sun Tzu’s Art of War and Business Strategy Free Essays

The concepts from Sun Zi’ a Art of War and Business Strategies applied by Carrefour is sufficient and effective, so just keep up with those concepts and Carrefour will do fine in the future. Otherwise, they could also apply some of other concepts from Sun Zi to even strengthen their business and to even secure a more stable success from future uncertainties. Carrefour should open more famous restaurant inside such as famous retailer shop to attract more customer traffic. We will write a custom essay sample on Sun Tzu’s Art of War and Business Strategy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Besides, they should be discovering more sales promotions to attract customers, such as rebates, premium and so on. This can be done by increasing advertisement in TV to attract more customers. By that, attract workers that they have many languages to communicate with customer in dealing with customer with different religious view. One of those concepts from Sun Zi that Carrefour could apply is the â€Å"To Dictate and Not to Be Dictated† concept. The company needs to create online supply platform, which will have Sears and Oracle. This will allow the company’s retailers and suppliers exchange innovative information through the internet system and maximize the flow of products, hence minimizing their administrative costs. Carrefour also needs to embrace technological advances, which will allow the company venture into new markets where it can increase its customer base. The marketing strategies, which the company can embrace, include online, viral marketing, and sourcing strategies (Nina, 2008). The company needs to streamline its legal aspects to allow its expanding in Asian markets without any hurdles. Carrefour gains of the utilization of emerging technologies can also come in the form of lowered tear and wear on equipment and facilities, which will decrease the maintenance needed for equipment and facilities (Gehlen Lasserre, 2005). Carrefour has to show an exceptional capacity to adapt its concept to local business environment across the globe. By internalizing the achievement or failure of definite initiatives in one business design, Carrefour is capable to transmit the knowledge of this failure or success transversely in all business departments at little cost to the firm. The company is competent to spread the expertise, which its human capital has gained by sending experts to work side-by-side with local managerial team. This structure enables the spreading of understanding within the firm both downstream and upstream, therefore, creating value for the whole company (Hoskisson, 2008). Besides that, Carrefour could also apply the â€Å"Knowing the Battleground and Engagement Time† concept. Whereby Carrefour could conduct a survey beforehand to determine what are the most suitable tactics and strategies to implement in a certain market. This will bring greater result and a swift success could be obtained. Carrefour should seize the opportunity for expansion to other parts of China, especially the second-tier cities, which have a high growth potential. Since the eastern coastal cities where Carrefour has the majority of the market share are already saturated, there is little value in investing more money in the area. Moreover, it is timely for Carrefour to expand especially when personal income in China has seen a rising trend. This shows that the Chinese consumer market has a high potential for growth, and consumption and demand is likely to increase as disposable income rises. While Carrefour’s main challenge is increased competition as its major competitors also have plans to expand and seize market share, its resources do give it a competitive advantage. Firstly, its one-stop shopping concept is one-of-a-kind. It recognizes consumers’ need for convenience and provides for it. Hence, Carrefour should continue to position itself as a company that delivers superior value offering to customers, as well as the place where one can satisfy most of one’s needs for products, entertainment and other services. Secondly, its management capabilities also give it a competitive advantage over other competitors. Having a decentralized management gives the store managers flexibility to adjust the strategies to meet different local demands and needs in different locations. This allows Carrefour to increase customer value as it narrows down and customizes its strategy to meet the local customers’ needs. Thirdly, Carrefour’s low employee turnover rate gives it a cost advantage over its competitors and also raises overall confidence level of the company. Our recommendations are relative to the market development and are based on an evaluation of the forecast return within the coming 12 months. The forecast return is the difference between the current price and our 12-month price target which includes the projected dividend. The equity market has historically yielded a return of around 10%. When we determine the recommendation for a share we use the 10% as an estimate of the return in the equity market. Since our recommendations are relative and risk-adjusted, it is possible to compare our recommendations across sectors and risk categories. In addition, the potential is stated in absolute terms via our price target. It should be borne in mind, however, that the recommendation is the anchor. A buy recommendation will remain a buy recommendation until changed, even if price increases have taken the price ‘too close’ to the price target. The future and historical returns estimated in the research report are stated as returns before costs since returns after costs depend on a number of factors relating to individual customer relations, custodian charges, volume of trade as well as market, currency and product-specific factors. It is not certain that the share will yield the stated expected future returns. The stated expected future returns exclusively express our best assessment. References http://designit.com/cases/making-quick-check-scanning-simple http://na-carrefour.blogspot.com/2012/05/recommendation.html http://www.studymode.com/subjects/recommendation-of-carrefour-page1.html http://www.exclusivepapers.com/essays/Informative/carrefour-company.php How to cite Sun Tzu’s Art of War and Business Strategy, Essays

Joy Luck Club Essays (951 words) - Chinatown, San Francisco

Joy Luck Club Every person comes to a point in their life when they begin to search for themselves and their identity. Usually it is a long process and takes a long time with many wrong turns along the way. Family, teachers, and friends all help to develop a person into an individual and adult. Parents play the largest role in evolving a person. Amy Tan, author of the Joy Luck Club, uses this theme in her book. Four mothers have migrated to America from China because of their own struggles. They all want their daughters to grow up successful and without any of the hardships they went through. One mother, Suyuan, imparts her knowledge on her daughter through stories. The American culture influences her daughter, Jing Mei, to such a degree that it is hard for Jing Mei to understand her mother's culture and life lessons. Yet it is not until Jing Mei realizes that the key to understanding who her mother was and who she is lies in understanding her mother's life. Jing Mei spends her American life trying to pull away from her Chinese heritage, and therefore also ends up pulling away from her mother. Jing Mei does not understand the culture and does not feel it is necessary to her life. When she grows up it is not "fashionable" to be called by your Chinese name (26). She doesn't use, understand, or remember the Chinese expressions her mother did, claiming she "can never remember things [she] didn't understand in the first place" (6). Jing Mei "begs" her mother "to buy [her] a transistor radio", but her mother refuses when she remembers something from her past, asking her daughter "Why do you think you are missing something you never had?" (13) Instead of viewing the situation from her mother's Chinese-influenced side, Jing Mei takes the American materialistic viewpoint and "sulks in silence for an hour" (13). By ignoring her mom and her mom's advice, Jing Mei is also ignoring some of the similarities between her and her mother. Suyuan has also rejected some of the Chinese traditions. Suyuan rejects the women-repressive Chinese traditions when she tells her daughter that she "believed you could be anything you want to be in America" (141). Suyuan continually tells Jing Mei her "Kweilin story" as a child, the story of the origins of the Joy Luck Club as well as her mother's past hardships. Yet despite the importance of the story and the events constituting the story to Suyuan, Jing Mei "never thought [her] mother's Kweilin story was anything but a Chinese fairy tale" (12). The story would have the same meaning to Jing Mei as if she were being told the story of Sleeping Beauty, or some other American bedtime story. When Jing Mei recognizes the similarities between her mother and herself she begins to understand not only her mother but herself as well. There are subtle connections and likenesses from the beginning between Jing Mei and her mother that Jing Mei does not see. The book commences with Jing Mei taking her mother's place at the mah jong table, creating a similarity between them from the beginning. Suyuan dies two months before the start of the book, and therefore is not able to tell the stories. Jing Mei has learned and must tell her stories in her place, forming another parallelism between mother and daughter. Because Suyuan is dead, Jing Mei must act in place of her mother when she goes to meet her Chinese sisters in China. Throughout the book Jing Mei takes the place of Suyuan, showing she and her mother have a unique link even with the barrier of the living world. Jing Mei finally begins to realize her identity and past when she travels in place of her mother to China to meet her two twin sisters. Suyuan had to make the hard decision to leave her twin babies on the side of the road in hopes some kind stranger would take them in, that way she would not have to see them die. Suyuan searches for her babies all through her life in America, sending multitudes of letters; they finally get in touch with her two months after she has died. Because her mother is not alive to meet her children, Jing Mei takes her place and the trip enables her to finally recognize her Chinese ancestry. The minute she enters China she "feels different" and can realize that she is "becoming Chinese" (306). At fifteen Jing Mei believed she was only

Symbolism in A Long Days Journey into Night Essays

Symbolism in A Long Days Journey into Night Essays Symbolism in A Long Days Journey into Night Paper Symbolism in A Long Days Journey into Night Paper Essay Topic: A Long Way Gone Literature ONeill makes extensive use of symbolism in the play by introducing objects, props and cultural artifacts that develop the major themes in the play. He achieves this by giving the objects second meanings far beyond the literal, and by having them stand for whole concepts that are in fact the plays core. One of the first and most meaningful things of this nature that the reader, or a member of the audience is introduced to is the fog and the foghorn, when Mary mentions them for the first time: Thank heavens, the fog is gone. I do feel out of sorts this morning. I wasnt able to get much sleep with that awful foghorn going all night long (Baym 1343). Throughout the play, the presence of the fog parallels the time of day when night comes, so does the fog, and when it is morning, the fog is gone. This, of course, is no coincidence. One of the key human features explored in the play is deception, or keeping each other in the dark. Thus, one might suggest that the fog and darkness in the form of the night are congruent symbols reinforcing one another, because they come together and empower the same concept. The fog can also be seen as a sort of a personal fog each character is shrouded in, and something that suggest blurriness and unreality, especially in the final parts of the play when the fog is denser than ever and makes everything sound so sad and lost (Baym 1390-1391). The fog, then, obscures ones perception of the world, and it parallels the attempts of each member of the family to obscure or hide reality Tyrone and his stinginess, Mary with her addiction, Jamie with his life of a loafer and Edmund, with his tuberculosis that they all attempt to hide from Mary. The second important symbol is the foghorn, which too has a number of possible or combined meanings. Foghorns are used by ships for signaling in foggy conditions, therefore are a sort of warning and orienting signals. In the play, the foghorn stands for each family members efforts to find a way through the mess theyre in, perhaps excluding Mary, since she is completely passive. The fact that she does not like the foghorn also suggests that she is not up to trying to better the situation (Baym 1343). A partial success in finding a way through everything appears in the compromise that Edmund and Tyrone reach That Edmund doesnt have to go to a lousy sanatorium, and can go wherever he chooses. This compromise is only partial, though, because his choice has to be within reason (Baym 1402). In the warning sense, there are instances when the foghorn has significance as well, for example when Jamie warns Edmund of himself in his long speech Remember I warned you, for your sake. Give me credit. Greater love hath no man than this, that he saveth his brother from himself (Baym 1412). Thus, the foghorn symbolizes the search for solutions and ways around obstacles, but just as an actual foghorn on a ship, this search does not actively bring solutions about for the most part, it only emphasizes the presence of difficulties (the fog). A third major object, or objects, that stand for an important concept in the play are alcohol and morphine. The reason I chose to group them together is because both stand for the same concept escape. Alcohol does it for the men in the family, and morphine is Marys scene, but they all seek to escape what plagues them and these substances alter their thinking and perception (at least in theory) to do that. Nearly every stressful conversation or encounter that brings up any of the familys troubles results in either one (or more) of the men drinking, or Mary going upstairs to take morphine I understand that Ive been a God-damned fool to believe in you! Tyrone says as he realizes that his wife is back on the drug, and immediately pours himself a big drink (Baym 1366). Edmund drinks on several occasions although he isnt supposed to due to his illness, and even though his father knows it, he still lets him drink with only symbolic protest, probably because he subconsciously realizes that Edmund needs the escape just like him (Baym 1393). This peaks in the final scenes of the play, when the whole family is under the influence, and in a state of stupor. In the effort to obscure the grim reality from their minds (all of this with the dense fog outside and the faint haziness in the air), the men are all drunk, and Mary is higher than ever on morphine, according to Tyrone (Baym 1416). Therefore, both alcohol and morphine stand for the familys collective effort of escape. From the examination of the above and other objects, props, or cultural artifacts in the play, it becomes evident that the vast majority of those used by ONeill were meant to stand for more complicated concepts, and to act as symbols that develop the major and underlying themes of the play.

Tin Facts (Atomic Number 50 or Sn)

Tin Facts (Atomic Number 50 or Sn) Tin is silver or gray metal with atomic number 50 and element symbol Sn. It is known for its use for early canned goods and in the manufacture of bronze and pewter. Here is a collection of tin element facts. Fast Facts: Tin Element Name: TinElement Symbol: SnAtomic Number: 50Atomic Weight: 118.71Appearance: Silver metal (alpha, ÃŽ ±) or gray metal (beta, ÃŽ ²)Group: Group 14 (Carbon Group)Period: Period 5Electron Configuration: [Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p2Discovery: Known to mankind since around 3500 BCE Tin  Basic Facts Tin has been known since ancient times. The first tin alloy to gain widespread use was bronze, an alloy of tin and copper. Humans knew how to make bronze as early as 3000 BCE. Word Origin: Anglo-Saxon tin, Latin stannum, both names for the element tin. Named after Etruscan god, Tinia; denoted by the Latin symbol for stannum. Isotopes: Many isotopes of tin are known. Ordinary tin is composed of ten stable isotopes. Twenty-nine unstable isotopes have been recognized and 30 metastable isomers exist. Tin has the greatest number of stable isotopes of any element, due to its atomic number, which is a magic number in nuclear physics. Properties: Tin has a melting point of 231.9681 °C, boiling point of 2270 °C, specific gravity (gray) of 5.75 or (white) 7.31, with a valence of 2 or 4. Tin is a malleable silvery-white metal which takes a high polish. It possesses a highly crystalline structure and is moderately ductile. When a bar of tin is bent, the crystals break, producing a characteristic tin cry. Two or three allotropic forms of tin exist. Gray or a tin has a cubic structure. Upon warming, at 13.2 °C gray tin changes to white or b tin, which has a tetragonal structure. This transition from the a to the b form is termed the tin pest. A g form may exist between 161 °C and the melting point. When tin is cooled below 13.2 °C, it slowly changes from the white form to the gray form, although the transition is affected by impurities such as zinc or aluminum and can be prevented if small amounts of bismuth or antimony are present. Tin is resistant to attack by sea, distilled, or soft tap water, but it will c orrode in strong acids, alkalis, and acid salts. The presence of oxygen in a solution accelerates the rate of corrosion. Uses: Tin is used to coat other metals to prevent corrosion. Tin plate over steel is use to make corrosion-resistant cans for food. Some of the important alloys of tin are soft solder, fusible metal, type metal, bronze, pewter, Babbitt metal, bell metal, die casting alloy, White metal, and phosphor bronze. The chloride SnCl ·H2O is used as a reducing agent and as a mordant for printing calico. Tin salts may be sprayed onto glass to produce electrically conductive coatings. Molten tin is used to float molten glass to produce window glass. Crystalline tin-niobium alloys are superconductive at very low temperatures. Sources: The primary source of tin is cassiterite (SnO2). Tin is obtained by reducing its ore with coal in a reverberatory furnace. Toxicity: Elemental tin metal, its salts, and its oxides present low toxicity. Tin-plated steel cans are still widely used for food preservation. Exposure levels of 100 mg/m3 are considered immediately dangerous. Legal permissible exposure from contact or inhalation is typically set around 2 mg/m3 per 8-hour work day. In contrast, organotin compounds are highly toxic, on par with that of cyanide. Organotin compounds are used to stabilize PVC, in organic chemistry, to make lithium ion batteries, and as biocidal agents. Tin  Physical Data Element Classification: MetalDensity (g/cc): 7.31Melting Point (K): 505.1Boiling Point (K): 2543Appearance: silvery-white, soft, malleable, ductile metalAtomic Radius (pm): 162Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 16.3Covalent Radius (pm): 141Ionic Radius: 71 (4e) 93 (2)Specific Heat (20 °C J/g mol): 0.222Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): 7.07Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 296Debye Temperature (K): 170.00Pauling Negativity Number: 1.96First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 708.2Oxidation States: 4, 2Lattice Structure: TetragonalLattice Constant (Ã…): 5.820 Sources Emsley, John (2001). Tin. Natures Building Blocks: An A–Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford, England, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 445–450. ISBN 0-19-850340-7.Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-3365-4.Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

United States and education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

United States and education - Essay Example Education for all is the most important thing to be achieved by nation as a whole.Thomas Jefferson,the third president of United States of America pioneered the plan that could be implemented upon to make education available to every single citizen while considering right to education equivalent to fundamental rights and would also get over the inequality factor.He elaborated his views about education as a tool not only to make better personalities but also a better nation.His work as mentioned above have envisioned learning not just along the old philosophy of what the students are learning but also on how are they learning. The vision of learning skill is what an educator would wish to see. This is because of the rise in number of students that will provide better results. The incorporation of improved theory into regular administrative schedules and classroom will help the educators and students in concentrating on teaching and learning process and then infusing another wave of dy namicity with reference to real world context. Learning in the classroom will generate a new relationship between the world and the student thereby engaging and modernizing various methods for assessment as well as study. The broader relation between the educators and the students will give real time information to the teachers about the performance of the students. Through this they can search for newer methods to help their students. These processes will ensure more compact relationship and the students will learn in a very few period rather than the months.... Increasing reliability in the classroom can be achieved through the use of Positive teaching methods. Constructivism has been an important ingredient of Jefferson learning theory proposing learners to create their own understanding as they combine what they already believe to be true based on their past experiences with new experiences. Though modern education may consider constructivism as a philosophy of learning which has its roots primarily to the work of John Dewey (1916) and Jean Piaget (1973). Vygotsky's work (1978) also contributed to the movement toward constructivism. Jefferson emphasized that theories of learning should be shifted from orientation based on observable phenomenon to an orientation that emphasize internal cognitive processing. This shows significant shift toward constructivism. The belief that learning comes from inside continues to grow. Knowledge could only gain on which circumstance it comes from that had meaning to the learner. The learning context must be a social context in which students work together to build knowledge. The children should be encouraged to develop concepts and derive their own ideas from those introduced to them. A social learning perspective should be developed through which children learn through interaction with others. Critical thinking is one of the areas where over the decades both educators & policy make argued about schools. Much of this debate has not been based on empirical data. Even though students, right from primary schools must learn facts and basic skills, the data suggest that emphasis on advanced reasoning skills promotes higher student performance. Jefferson pedagogical models promotes this meaningful type of learning process, a process in which learning helps students make sense of new

Computer Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Computer Security - Essay Example Their main result being that vulnerability disclosures mostly lead to a negative and critical change in the market value for a software developer. A solid base for the formation of their argument against information sharing is due to the realization that on average, a vendor loses approximately 0.6% value in stock price when a vulnerability is reported; This being about a 0.86$ billion loss per vulnerability announcement. The Organization of Internet Safety (OIS) defines security vulnerability as a flaw within a software system that can cause it to work against its original design and make it prone to outside manipulation. With the rapid advancement in technology and the internet evolution information sharing has peaked to a new level. This despite its advantages in terms of rapid information sharing also brings to surface the increased chances of vulnerabilities being exposed. As a result not only are software security products like firewalls at a risk but software like operating sy stems and enterprise software can also be manipulated to create security related attacks; Hence providing another aspect that goes against information sharing due to the presence of vulnerabilities. Further examples in terms of a study by NIST in 2002 can be observed which estimated the cost of faulty software at $60 bn per year. Most prominent are incidents like Cod Red virus and the Melissa virus in which hackers exploited flaws in the software and caused enormous damages. Moving on to some arguments in favor of information sharing despite the existence of vulnerabilities we see that prior literature suggests that software defects don’t necessarily lead to a loss in market value of firm. This is due to two main reasons; firstly because the End User License Agreement limits the liability of the software developers encouraging them to facilitate information sharing despite the costs. Second due to the general philosophy held by software stakeholders that it is a uniquely comp lex product which will have understandable defects. A key example here is that of the numerous vulnerabilities present in Microsoft and yet its products are not associated in any way with low quality simply because of the huge user base that it holds in terms of information sharing. Arora, Telang and Xu (2004) look at a more optimistic picture of the vulnerability aspect and argue in favor of information sharing as their study leads them to the conclusion that disclosure can force vendors to release patches quickly. Arora, Caulkins and Telang (2003) follow suit and they discover that larger software vendors find it optimal to rush product into market and then invest in post launch patching hence saving overall product costs and using vulnerability to their advantage. Externality is defined by economists as a situation in which an individual’s actions have economic repercussions for others. It is important to note that in these instances the fact that there is no compensation is of critical importance. Externalities are divided into positive and negative. In negative externality the consequences are mostly known, for example the effects of environmental pollution caused by a plant and the way it might have an impact on the neighboring